Intensive care medicine and the intensivist: from 1850 to 2021 / A medicina intensiva e o intensivista: de 1850 a 2021

Intensive Care Medicine gained prominence in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a recent medical specialty, which many physicians and the public know little about. This article makes a historical perspective, from the emergence of the first areas for observation of critically ill patients in the nineteenth century to the present, to the impact of the pandemic and its consequences (AU)

A Medicina Intensiva ganhou destaque no anos de 2020 e 2021 devido à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de uma especialidade recente, e ainda pouco conhecida por muitos médicos e pelo público. Este artigo faz uma perspectiva histórica, desde o surgimento das primeiras áreas para observação de pacientes graves no século XIX, até o pre-sente, com o impacto da pandemia, e as perspectivas futuras (AU)

Tribute to Theodor Kocher: Far Beyond an Anatomical Reference

We know Kocher's name as an anatomical reference in neurosurgery. In fact, Theodor Kocher was a Swiss general surgeon, and his contributions were such that Kocher was honored in 1909 with the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, and he was the first surgeon to receive this honor. Kocher participated in the initial scientific phase of medicine, livingwith names that are in history, as well as him; Langenbeck and Virchow, Lucke, Billroth, Horsley, Lister, Halstedt, Pasteur, Osler, Lawson Tait, Verneuil, and a long list and other icons of the time. The present account rescues the many important facets and contributions of the Swiss surgeonTheodor Kocher, and his relationship with several of them. Kocher's memory, surgical instruments and literary production are preserved in a small wing of the University of Bern. The present article highlights how intense Kocher's dedication to the medical field was.

A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools

Abstract Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.

Las técnicas nucleares en un enfoque no invasivo para el estudio arqueométrico de bienes culturales cubanos / Nuclear techniques in a non-invasive approach to the archeometric study of Cuban cultural heritage

RESUMEN A propósito del 500 Aniversario de la Habana, presentamos una experiencia singular desarrollada en la Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad, donde físicos nucleares y radio-químicos en un ambiente multidisciplinario en el Centro Histórico de la Habana, estudian sistemáticamente bienes culturales desde el Laboratorio de Arqueometría del Gabinete de Conservación y Restauración. Se presenta una revisión sobre nuestros estudios en el campo de la Arqueometría, en las que prevalece un enfoque no invasivo desde los inicios de esta experiencia, que incluye las técnicas nucleares como protagonistas principales, y se caracteriza por la diversidad de bienes culturales examinados. Las investigaciones realizadas comprenden desarrollo de tecnologías, de metodologías específicas para la caracterización o identificación de diferentes materiales y tipos de bienes culturales y metodologías generales dedicadas a responder interrogantes de interés para la Historia del Arte y la Arqueología o relacionadas con la conservación y restauración, para finalmente realizar los estudios arqueométricos o tratamientos de conservación no invasivos de bienes culturales cubanos. Una mayor parte de estas investigaciones se han realizado in situ en los museos o lugares donde estos objetos se conservan. En la discusión se enfatizan los análisis cualitativos y los cuantitativos y las validaciones realizadas, según los requerimientos del caso de estudio. En este artículo se abordan también otras experiencias validas sobre el tema en el ámbito de colaboraciones nacionales e internacionales.

ABSTRACT On the occasion of the 500th Anniversary of Havana, we present a singular experience in the Havana City Historian's Office, where nuclear physicists and radiochemists in a multidisciplinary environment in the historic center of Havana, systematically study cultural heritage, from the Archaeometry Laboratory of the Cabinet of Conservation and Restoration. A review of our studies in the field of Archaeometry is presented, in which a non-invasive approach prevails from the beginning of this experience, which includes nuclear techniques, as main protagonists and is characterized by the diversity of cultural heritage examined. The research carried out includes the development of technologies, specific methodologies for the characterization or identification of different materials and types of cultural heritage, and general methodologies dedicated to answer questions of interest for the History of Art and Archeology or related to conservation and restoration, for eventually perform the Archaeometry studies and non-invasive conservation treatments of Cuban cultural assets. Most of these investigations have been carried out in situ, in the museums or places where these objects are conserved. In the discussion, the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the validations are emphasized, according to the requirements of the case study. This article also addresses other valid experiences on the subject in the field of national and international collaborations.

Memória do judô na cidade do Recife: uma análise a partir de sua relação com a educação e o processo civilizatório / Judo memory in the city of Recife: an analysis based on its relationship with education and the civilizational process / Memoria del judo en la ciudad de Recife: un análisis a partir de su relación con la educación y el proceso civilizatorio

Objetiva-se analisar a história do judô recifense e suas dimensões educacionais e civilizatórias por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo das falas de antigos senseis de judô em Recife. Constatou-se que o judô possibilita a aprendizagem, formação para a vida constituída por regras e a formação ética/moral diante da sociedade, através de fatores como disciplina e hierarquia. As entrevistas indicam os ganhos do judô como modalidade esportiva e reconhece-se que o judô esportivizado atual teve perdas. Conclui-se que, dentre as modalidades esportivas, o judô ainda se diferencia por conta de suas características e especificidades filosóficas preconizadas por Jigoro Kano e sua incidência sobre a educação

This article aims to analyze the history of judo in Recife and its educational and civilizational dimensions by conducting content analysis about the speeches of old judo 'senseis' in that city. Judo was found to enable learning and education for life under ethical/moral rules and education of society through factors such as discipline and hierarchy. Interviews point to judo's gains as a sport and recognize that the current sport-oriented judo has suffered osses. Among sports, judo is still distinguished by its characteristics and philosophical peculiarities advocated by Jigoro Kano and its influence on education

El objetivo es analizar la historia del Judo de Recife y sus dimensiones educativas y civilizatorias a través de la técnica de análisis de contenido de los discursos de antiguos senseis de Judo en Recife. Se constató que el Judo posibilita el aprendizaje, la formación para la vida constituida por reglas y la formación ética/moral frente a la sociedad, a través de factores como disciplina y jerarquía. Las entrevistas mostraron los méritos del Judo como modalidad deportiva y reconocieron que el Judo deportivo actual tuvo pérdidas. Se concluye que, entre las modalidades deportivas, el Judo todavía se destaca, debido a sus características y especificidades filosóficas, preconizadas por Jigoro Kano, y por su incidencia sobre la educación.

Apuntes históricos y fisiopatológicos sobre apendicitis aguda / Historical and Physiopathological Annotations about Acute Appendicitis

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio de revisión de corte histórico sobre apendicitis aguda, en el que se profundizó en los aspectos históricos conocidos en mayor o menor grado desde la era Bizantina hasta nuestros días. El objetivo fue actualizar los resultados hallados desde el punto de vista histórico y fisiopatológico y mostrarlos al lector. Para este estudio se realizó una búsqueda a través de las bases de datos Scielo, Medline y PubMed y complementada mediante los buscadores Google, Yahoo y Wikipedia. Se realizó un análisis crítico de los artículos encontrados; se estudiaron también otros artículos de cualquier país, idioma, institución, autor (es) y fecha; de preferencia los nacionales. Se exponen las cuatro teorías relacionadas al origen de esta enfermedad, que son: obstrucción de la luz, ulceraciones mucosas superficiales, la higiene y el rol de la infección, por último, la hipótesis de las fibras dietéticas. Se identificaron aspectos históricos en apendicitis aguda en el tiempo; se aludió a un reporte reciente sobre rasgos gastrointestinales en las distintas especies y las cuatro teorías fisiopatológicas y todas resultaron atractivas(AU)

ABSTRACT A historical review about acute appendicitis was carried out, for which the historical aspects known to a greater or lesser degree were studied in depth. This article covers from the Byzantine era to the present day. The objective is to update the results found from the historical and physiopathological viewpoints. For this study, a search was made through the databases Scielo, Medline and PubMed and complemented by the search engines Google, Yahoo and Wikipedia. A critical analysis of the findings was made and other articles from various countries and institutions, written in other languages, by several author(s) and on different dates were also studied; preferably the nationals. The four theories related to the origin of this disease were exposed: obstruction of light, superficial mucosal ulcerations, hygiene and the role of infection, and finally, the hypothesis of dietary fibers. We identified historical aspects in acute appendicitis over time, as well as referred to a recent report on gastrointestinal traits in the different species and the four physiopathological theories, all of which were attractive(AU)

InSTEC: 35 años formando profesionales / InSTEC: 35 years educating professionals

En los marcos de la celebración del 35 aniversario del Instituto Superior de Tecnología y Ciencias Aplicadas se presenta una síntesis de los principales resultados de este centro, que incluye la preparación de profesionales, así como sus actividades de posgrado, investigación y extensión universitaria, con énfasis en los años más recientes. Al final del trabajo se describen las perspectivas de la institución en correspondencia con la estrategia trazada para la educación superior cubana.

Within the framework of conmemorating the 35th anniversary of the Higher Institute of Technology and Applied Sciences a synthesis of the main results of this center is presented. This includes the academic preparation of professionals, as well as their postgraduate, research and university extension courses and activities, with emphasis on the most recent years. At the end of the paper the perspectives of the institution are described in correspondence with the strategy outlined for the cuban higher education.

What do we know about some of the most conspicuous scorpion species of the genus Tityus? A historical approach

In the present study, comments are proposed on historical aspects of the most conspicuous scorpion species of the genus Tityus found in Brazil. Both Tityus bahiensis (Perty) and Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello are better known for their infamous reputation of noxious species. However, the original discovery and description of both species are associated with interesting historical episodes. A short comment is also provided on Tityus costatus (Karsch), the species possibly involved in the first record of a scorpion incident in Brazil.(AU)

What do we know about some of the most conspicuous scorpion species of the genus Tityus?: a historical approach

In the present study, comments are proposed on historical aspects of the most conspicuous scorpion species of the genus Tityus found in Brazil. Both Tityus bahiensis (Perty) and Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello are better known for their infamous reputation of noxious species. However, the original discovery and description of both species are associated with interesting historical episodes. A short comment is also provided on Tityus costatus (Karsch), the species possibly involved in the first record of a scorpion incident in Brazil.

La física nuclear en Cuba: apuntes para una historia / Nuclear Physics in Cuba: a historical outline

En el presente artículo se resume una perspectiva histórica de la experiencia nacional en el desarrollo de la Física Nuclear, con énfasis especial en su vínculo con el Programa Nuclear Cubano,y los resultados científicos tecnológicos y de impacto socioeconómico obtenidos. Para sustentar el desarrollo de la nucleoenergética e instalaciones nucleares, se recoge la creación de instituciones especializadas, la formación de profesionales y de colectivos interdisciplinarios de físicos nucleares, teóricos, experimentadores, ingenieros y de otras especialidades. También se abordan las múltiples aplicaciones pacíficas introducidas en el país y en particular las asociadas al programa científico nuclear...

The present article summarizes an historical perspective of the national experience in Nuclear Physics development, with particular emphasis on its relationship with the Cuban Nuclear Program, its scientific and technological achievements, and its social and economic impact. Multiple peaceful applications introduced in the country and specifically those related to the Nuclear Power Program are also included. In order to support nuclear energy as well as nuclear power plants, specialized institutions were created, in addition to the training of professionals and interdisciplinary research groups in theoretical and experimental nuclear physics, engineering and in other different specialties...

Medicina legal, peritos y peritaciones / Legal Medicine, experts and surveys

En el presente trabajo se expone la evolución histórica de Medicina Legal y cómo ha sido aplicada en diversos contextos. Se resalta la labor del perito como un experto, separándolo de lo que habitualmente es considerado cuando declara en un juicio: un simple testigo. Precisamente existen marcadas diferencias entre éste y un perito, el cual debe poseer una gran cantidad de valores éticos, morales y sociales para no deformar la verdad de los hechos. Asimismo, se sugiere cuáles deben ser las partes que deben poseer una peritación médico legal para que tenga un adecuado valor como instrumento probatorio durante un proceso judicial. Todo lo anterior siempre con el fin de mejorar la Administración de Justicia...

Microanálisis de capas pictóricas en esculturas policromadas / Microanalysis of pictorial layers in polychrome sculptures

RESUMEN Se analizan muestras de secciones transversales de esculturas en madera policromadas por los métodos de microanálisis: Microscopía óptica, las técnicas nucleares: microfluorescencia de rayos X y microemisión de rayos X inducida por protones con sistema de detección por dispersión de Rutherford acoplado y el método tradicional de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido con detección de fluorescencia de rayos X dispersiva en energía acoplada. Se enfatiza en la microfluorescencia de rayos X por ser un método novedoso a partir del desarrollo alcanzado en la óptica de rayos X y que se puede implementar en un sistema convencional de FRX. Los resultados se comparan en cuanto a resolución espacial para diferenciar la estructura de capas pictóricas y sensibilidad elemental. Se determinaron el número de capas, su posición relativa, su espesor y la composición química de los pigmentos para caracterizar valiosas policromías de la otrora iglesia habanera San Juan de Letrán con el objetivo de obtener información acerca de la "historia materia"; que deba contribuir a su investigación de procedencia y atribución. Los pigmentos usados en esta obra artística se identificaron por los elementos característicos. Los mapas de distribución elemental obtenidos por las técnicas nucleares usadas, reproducen exactamente las estructuras observadas en las fotomicrografías obtenidas por medio de la microscopía de luz.

ABSTRACT Cross section samples from polychrome wood sculpture are analyzed by optical microscopy, the nuclear techniques: micro-X Ray Fluorescence, micro- Proton induced X-ray Emission coupled with Rutherford Backscattering and the traditional method by Scanning Electronic Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence detection (SEM-EDX) micro-analytical methods. Special emphasis is dedicated to µXRF, a novel advanced technique developed thanks to the last achievements of the X-ray optics that can be available by modifying conventional laboratory XRF spectrometer, representing an alternative to the traditional and expensive SEM-EDX stratigraphic analysis of pictorial works. The results are compared with respect to spatial resolution to differentiate pictorial layer structure and elemental sensitivity. Number of layer, relative position of layer, layer thickness and chemical composition of pigments are determined in the characterization of valuable polychromies of once church San Juan de Letrán in order to obtain information about their "material history" that should contribute to its provenance and attribution research. The pigments used in this artistic works were identified by their characteristic elements. The elemental distribution maps obtained by the used nuclear techniques precisely reproduced microphotographies obtained by means of Light Microscopy.

Aspectos históricos do feminino e do maternal e a infecção pelo HIV em mulheres / Historical aspects, maternity and HIV infection in women

O presente artigo teve por objetivo examinar aspectos históricos ligados ao feminino e ao maternal, buscando ampliar a compreensão sobre a maternidade no contexto da infecção pelo HIV/aids. Apresenta-se uma revisão do papel da mulher ao longo da história, demonstrando a dissociação histórica do feminino dividido entre a mãe, digna de respeito e consideração, e a prostituta, marginalizada e desrespeitada. Nesse contexto, discutem-se as doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e as reações sociais diante destas infecções em mulheres e, em especial, a questão da maternidade no contexto de HIV/aids. Destaca-se a presença de crenças sociais historicamente construídas a respeito dos comportamentos femininos como fatores que dificultam a efetiva prevenção de DST/HIV/aids em mulheres, o que indica a necessidade de reflexão quanto às estratégias de prevenção e assistência.

The aim of this article was to examine historical aspects related to the feminine and to being a mother for deepening the comprehension of motherhood in the context of HIV/Aids infection. We reviewed the traditional role of the woman in society, showing the historical division between the mother, deserving respect and consideration, and the prostitute, marginalized and not worth of respect. In this context, we discuss the sexually transmitted diseases and the social reactions toward these infections in women, especially as refers to motherhood in the context of HIV/Aids infection. The paper emphasizes the presence of socially constructed beliefs about women's behaviors as a factor hampering an effective prevention of STD/HIV/AIDS in women and the great need for reflecting about the strategies for prevention and care.

Sistema de detección de rayos x para obtener imágenes digitales en el estudio de obras de arte / x-ray detection system for digital image acquisition in the study of artworks

La radiografía de rayos-X juega un papel importante en el estudio de obras de arte, específicamente suministra información sobre la génesis, autenticidad, técnica de la pintura, condiciones del material e historia de su conservación. El trabajo muestra un sistema desarrollado, a partir de detectores semiconductores de microbandas para adquirir imágenes de rayos X basado en la técnica de substracción logarítmica del borde de absorción K. El sistema se caracterizó y se muestran las primeras imágenes de su aplicación en la detección de pigmentos.

X-ray radiography plays an important role in the study of artworks. It particularly provides information on the origin, authenticity, painting technique, material conditions and its conservation history. This article describes a system based on semiconductor microstrip detector for acquisition X-ray images using the k-edge logarithmic substraction technique. The system has been characterized and the first images of its application for pigment detection are shown.